SymbolicAI: A framework for logic-based approaches combining generative models and solvers NASA ADS

« We are finding that neural networks can get you to the symbolic domain and then you can use a wealth of ideas from symbolic AI to understand the world, » Cox said. To better simulate how the human brain makes decisions, we’ve combined the strengths of symbolic AI and neural networks. We hope this work also inspires a next generation of thinking and capabilities in AI.

LNN performs necessary reasoning such as type-based and geographic reasoning to eventually return the answers for the given question. For example, Figure 3 shows the steps of geographic reasoning performed by LNN using manually encoded axioms and DBpedia Knowledge Graph to return an answer. Also, some tasks can’t be translated to direct rules, including speech recognition and natural language processing. But symbolic AI starts to break when you must deal with the messiness of the world. For instance, consider computer vision, the science of enabling computers to make sense of the content of images and video.

Symbolic AI: The key to the thinking machine

We introduce the Deep Symbolic Network (DSN) model, which aims at becoming the white-box version of Deep Neural Networks (DNN). The DSN model provides a simple, universal yet powerful structure, similar to DNN, to represent any knowledge of the world, which is transparent to humans. The conjecture behind the DSN model is that any type of real world objects sharing enough common features are mapped into human brains as a symbol.

We investigate an unconventional direction of research that aims at converting neural networks, a class of distributed, connectionist, sub-symbolic models into a symbolic level with the ultimate goal of achieving AI interpretability and safety. To that end, we propose Object-Oriented Deep Learning, a novel computational paradigm of deep learning that adopts interpretable “objects/symbols” as a basic representational atom instead of N-dimensional tensors (as in traditional “feature-oriented” deep learning). For visual processing, each “object/symbol” can explicitly package common properties of visual objects like its position, pose, scale, probability of being an object, pointers to parts, etc., providing a full spectrum of interpretable visual knowledge throughout all layers.

Title:Symbolic Behaviour in Artificial Intelligence

Deep neural networks are also very suitable for reinforcement learning, AI models that develop their behavior through numerous trial and error. This is the kind of AI that masters complicated games such as Go, StarCraft, and Dota. Neural networks are almost as old as symbolic AI, but they were largely dismissed because they were inefficient and required compute resources that weren’t available at the time.

More importantly, this opens the door for efficient realization using analog in-memory computing. As ‘common sense’ AI matures, it will be possible to use it for better customer support, business intelligence, medical informatics, advanced discovery, and much more. This will only work as you provide an exact copy of the original image to your program. For instance, if you take a picture of your cat from a somewhat different angle, the program will fail. 2) The two problems may overlap, and solving one could lead to solving the other, since a concept that helps explain a model will also help it recognize certain patterns in data using fewer examples. Symbolic artificial intelligence, also known as Good, Old-Fashioned AI (GOFAI), was the dominant paradigm in the AI community from the post-War era until the late 1980s.

Such transformed binary high-dimensional vectors are stored in a computational memory unit, comprising a crossbar array of memristive devices. A single nanoscale memristive device is used to represent each component of the high-dimensional vector that leads to a very high-density memory. The similarity search on these wide vectors can be efficiently computed by exploiting physical laws such as Ohm’s law and what is symbolic ai Kirchhoff’s current summation law. These soft reads and writes form a bottleneck when implemented in the conventional von Neumann architectures (e.g., CPUs and GPUs), especially for AI models demanding over millions of memory entries. Thanks to the high-dimensional geometry of our resulting vectors, their real-valued components can be approximated by binary, or bipolar components, taking up less storage.

Monotonic basically means one direction; i.e. when one thing goes up, another thing goes up. Samuel’s Checker Program[1952] — Arthur Samuel’s goal was to explore to make a computer learn. The program improved as it played more and more games and ultimately defeated its own creator. In 1959, it defeated the best player, This created a fear of AI dominating AI. This lead towards the connectionist paradigm of AI, also called non-symbolic AI which gave rise to learning and neural network-based approaches to solve AI.

Cell meets robot in hybrid microbots

Say you have a picture of your cat and want to create a program that can detect images that contain your cat. You create a rule-based program that takes new images as inputs, compares the pixels to the original cat image, and responds by saying whether your cat is in those images. Insofar as computers suffered from the same chokepoints, their builders relied on all-too-human hacks like symbols to sidestep the limits to processing, storage and I/O. As computational capacities grow, the way we digitize and process our analog reality can also expand, until we are juggling billion-parameter tensors instead of seven-character strings. This creates a crucial turning point for the enterprise, says Analytics Week’s Jelani Harper.

Literature references within this text are limited to general overview articles, but a supplementary online document referenced at the end contains references to concrete examples from the recent literature. Examples for historic overview works that provide a perspective on the field, including cognitive science aspects, prior to the recent acceleration in activity, are Refs [1,3]. Another way the two AI paradigms can be combined is by using neural networks to help prioritize how symbolic programs organize and search through multiple facts related to a question. For example, if an AI is trying to decide if a given statement is true, a symbolic algorithm needs to consider whether thousands of combinations of facts are relevant. In the paper, we show that a deep convolutional neural network used for image classification can learn from its own mistakes to operate with the high-dimensional computing paradigm, using vector-symbolic architectures.

Democratizing the hardware side of large language models

In contrast, deep learning struggles at capturing compositional and causal structure from data, such as understanding how to construct new concepts by composing old ones or understanding the process for generating new data. Now researchers and enterprises are looking for ways to bring neural networks and symbolic AI techniques together. The next step for us is to tackle successively more difficult question-answering tasks, for example those that test complex temporal reasoning and handling of incompleteness and inconsistencies in knowledge bases. Full logical expressivity means that LNNs support an expressive form of logic called first-order logic. This type of logic allows more kinds of knowledge to be represented understandably, with real values allowing representation of uncertainty.

In this case, each network is trained to examine an image and identify an object and its properties such as color, shape and type (metallic or rubber). On the other hand, learning from raw data is what the other parent does particularly well. A deep net, modeled after the networks of neurons in our brains, is made of layers of artificial neurons, or nodes, with each layer receiving inputs from the previous layer and sending outputs to the next one. Information about the world is encoded in the strength of the connections between nodes, not as symbols that humans can understand. While we cannot give the whole neuro-symbolic AI field due recognition in a brief overview, we have attempted to identify the major current research directions based on our survey of recent literature, and we present them below.

Each of the hybrid’s parents has a long tradition in AI, with its own set of strengths and weaknesses. As its name suggests, the old-fashioned parent, symbolic AI, deals in symbols — that is, names that represent something in the world. For example, a symbolic AI built to emulate the ducklings would have symbols such as “sphere,” “cylinder” and “cube” to represent the physical objects, and symbols such as “red,” “blue” and “green” for colors and “small” and “large” for size. The knowledge base would also have a general rule that says that two objects are similar if they are of the same size or color or shape.

• This interpretability is particularly advantageous for tasks requiring human-like reasoning, such as planning and decision-making, where understanding the AI’s thought process is crucial.
• One of their projects involves technology that could be used for self-driving cars.
• That is, a symbol offers a level of abstraction above the concrete and granular details of our sensory experience, an abstraction that allows us to transfer what we’ve learned in one place to a problem we may encounter somewhere else.

We compare Schema Networks with Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic and Progressive Networks on a suite of Breakout variations, reporting results on training efficiency and zero-shot generalization, consistently demonstrating faster, more robust learning and better transfer. We argue that generalizing from limited data and learning causal relationships are essential abilities on the path toward generally intelligent systems. These examples demonstrate that while the AI field has largely shifted towards data-driven approaches like machine learning and deep learning, Symbolic AI still plays a crucial role in many applications, particularly those that require explicit rules and human-like reasoning.

Similar to the problems in handling dynamic domains, common-sense reasoning is also difficult to capture in formal reasoning. Examples of common-sense reasoning include implicit reasoning about how people think or general knowledge of day-to-day events, objects, and living creatures. However, as imagined by Bengio, such a direct neural-symbolic correspondence was insurmountably limited to the aforementioned propositional logic setting. Lacking the ability to model complex real-life problems involving abstract knowledge with relational logic representations (explained in our previous article), the research in propositional neural-symbolic integration remained a small niche. Historically, the two encompassing streams of symbolic and sub-symbolic stances to AI evolved in a largely separate manner, with each camp focusing on selected narrow problems of their own.